Periplanar Definition in Chemistry

Periplanar refers to two atoms or groups of atoms in a conformation are in the same plane with respect to the reference single bond. The image shows two conformations of butane (C4H10). The methyl groups (-CH3) are lined up in the same plane with the middle carbon-carbon single bond. The top conformation is known as syn-periplanar and the bottom is known as anti-periplanar.

Ebt Task 1 Essay - 2008 Words

RUNNING HEAD: CRITIQUE OF EVIDENCE BASED ARTICLES Critique of Evidence Based Nursing Latoya Dotson Western Govenors University EBT 1 May 26, 2011 Critique of Articles Introduction The article by Schindler, (2011) was chosen because of the clinical relevance to direct patient care and patients acquiring pressure ulcer. The articile was retrieved and summarized in the graphic below. Further research was collected to evaluate other aspects of the same interventions and a annotated bibiliography was created. The evience was reviewed for relevance and synthesized as it relates to nursing practice and acquiring pressure ulcers. Bottom of Form Reseach Report and Summary . |Article |Protecting fragile†¦show more content†¦| Assessment of the Evidence The author conclude in their research report that the overall incidence of the pressure ulcer among critically ill infants and children is greater than 10%. Based on the analysis of the research report and the following areas, background information, review of the literature,methodology, data analysis and conclusion, the edvience presented sufficiently supports the researchers conclusion. The author research involved identifying variables consistent with their research topic and then validly measuring them for reliable results.due to phenomology design that was used, the procedure to collect data was simple to carry out with little room for errors, this adding credibility to the evidence and helping to support the conclusion. Ethical isues The research faced ethical situations throughout the research process and identify them in the report. Participation of the study for the patients with pressure ulcers were voluntary and all participants consented to being apart of the study. The research failed to incorporate various sub-divisions and refused to exclude anyone from the study regardless if one individual had a higher incidence of acquiring pressure ulcers than another individual with a lower incidence.the study was also retrospective so no interventions were assigned.each units had their generalized policy and procedure of how to manage a pressure ulcer.Show MoreRelatedWgu Ebt 1 Task 2 Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesEvidence-Based Practice Applied Nursing Research Western Governors University BSN Program Karolina O’Loughlin Student ID: 256940 Type of Sources / Appropriateness of Sources / Classification of Sources American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians article regarding acute otitis media is a filtered resource. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because; it establishes clinical guidelines to diagnose and manage AOM. 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In a typical day students spent in school, 70% of that time spent working on independent tasks. During this time, students with EBT have problems with interacting and keep attention on tasks, as a result of the rate of such behaviors, teachers usually become frustrated when dealing with difficult situation (Salmon, 2006). Due to theirRead MoreRole Of The Nurses During Transition Process1198 Words   |  5 Pagesshifts in the motivations for having children have occurred, very little is known about the differential attitudes of parents regarding their own childbearing† (Groat, 1997). The concept of childbearing is quite simple, but the process can be a daunting task especially to some who has not gone through that process. The transition from childbearing to childrearing for families is not an easy road to take, but with proper edu cation, and support it can be a smooth transition. Childrearing or parenting isRead MoreResearch7400 Words   |  30 Pagessolution. For other suggestions about the lecture, please see the â€Å"Lecture Suggestions† in Chapter 2, where we describe how we conduct our classes. DAYS ON CHAPTER: 3 OF 58 DAYS (50-minute periods) Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 4-1 The emphasis of the various types of analysts is by no means uniform nor should it be. Management is interested in all types of ratios for two reasons. First, the ratios point out weaknesses that should be strengthened; second, management recognizes

OPEC Current Trend as an International Oil Producer Cartel

Question: Critically discuss different policy measures that non OPEC member States can take to mitigate the impact of OPECs current trend as an international oil producer cartel. Answer: Introduction Petroleum is the most essential element for every country throughout the world but it cannot be produced in a factory as it is a natural thing. In world market petroleum plays the most important role in respect of the economic stability. Twelve countries along together has formed an organization in relation to control the conducts of import and export of petroleum. This organization is known as Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries in abbreviation it is famous in the name of OPEC. In the world economy OPEC performs a major role in relation to the exporting of petroleum throughout the world. But apart from these twelve countries there are a lot of country in this world who are also seeking petroleum and they are financially also much stronger in comparison to the OPEC countries like USA, Soviet Union, UK and many others. Some of the members of OPEC are UAE, Venezuela, Iran, Iraq and some other countries as well (Chapman and Hodges, 2011). Here in this context various aspec ts relating to the conducts and strategies of the countries who are not the members of the OPEC are going to be discussed along with relevant statistics and formations adapted by non OPEC member countries. OPEC countries manipulate the price level of petroleum in the international market in a normative manner (Rugman and Hodgetts, 2003). Sometime it becomes very difficult for the non OPEC countries to regulate their conducts in the international market in relation to petroleum related issues. The strategies that may be adapted by the non OPEC countries in relation to petroleum related issues are going to be discussed under the following: Nationalization (Strategy 1): By way nationalization of oil producing organizations and corporations impact of privatization in the market of crude oil can be diminished that will not only refer more revenue to the government sectors but also promotes a balance in the international crude oil market. This procedure must not be confused with the restrictions upon the exportation of crude oil. It has represented one of the most important turning points in relation to the development of policies relating to oil trade in the international market. Privatized business conducts are eliminated by the nationalization, as resources of oil in the oil producing nations are controlled by the private international corporations. It permits oil producing nations to obtain control over private properties, though it may violate some of the existing legal contracts. If these nations become the only proprietors of this confiscated resources by violating the law of contract, they will be in a superior position to manipulate the price of the crude oil in the international market, and they will decide the way by which the actual current value of their known stock of petroleum under the ground can be maximized. A number of major implications may be observed as the consequence of nationalization of crude oil. On the other hand, nationalized oil corporations are in some occasion torn among the expectations of the nation that they ought to carry the national flag and their personal goals in relation to success in trade; it could signify a level of emancipation relating to the confines of the national agenda(Rugman and Brewer, 2001). Considering historical background (strategy 2): In the year of 1949Iran and Venezuelawere the foremost nations to be in motion towards the formation of OPEC by making an approach Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq, signifying that they swap over visions and investigate boulevards for usual and quicker communication between oil manufacturing countries (Rittberger, Zangl and Kruck, 2012). In the year of 1959, the IOCs (International Oil Companies) abridged the prescribed value for Venezuelan rudimentary at 5, thereafter 25 for each barrel. And the same for Mid-East crude at a rate of 18 for each barrel (Energy indicators, 2008). In Cairo, Egypt, the foremost Arab Petroleum Congress assembled. There they recognized an Oil Consultation Commission in relation to that IOCs ought to present value alteration tactics to establishment of manufacturing nations (Kazim, 2007). In the year of 1959, Abdullah Tariki to Juan Pablo Perez Alfonzo has been introduced by a reporter Wanda Jablonski in Cairo, at the Arab Oil Congress. They were both exasperated by the slash in prescribed values by IOCs as well as International Oil Corporations. Maadi Pact or Gentlemen's Agreement was the consequence of this meeting (Ricks, 2000). In the year of 1960, reporterWanda Jablonskiaccounted a noticeable antagonism in the direction of the West and a rising disagreement in opposition to malingerer landlordism in the central of Eastern region. In his prominent book permittedThe Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power In this book it is described by Daniel Yergin that the process by which theregular Oil, which proscribed 75 per cent of the petroleum industry of United State. In the month of August of 1960 with no straight caution to petroleum exporting countries, declared slash of up to 7% of the prescribed values of Mid-East rudimentary oils. Most of the oil producing corporations uniformly abridged the prescribed value for Mid of Eastern region crudes. Mid-East nations previously sensed bitterness towards the Western region above the malingerer landlord customs ofMultinational Oil Corporations that at the time forbidden all oil related procedures inside the congregation nations (Noreng, 2002). In the period of 10th to 14th September of 1960, the Baghdad convention was apprehended by the inventiveness of Juan Pablo Prez Alfonso the Hydrocarbons ministerand Abdullah al-Tariki the Venezuelan Minesand the Saudi Arabian Energy and Mines minister. The administration bodies of Venezuela, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Iran, met inBaghdadwith an object to talk about the ways to amplify the value of the rudimentary petroleum created by their particular nations and act in response to independent proceedings by theMultinational Oil Corporations, they at that period of time proscribed all oil related actions inside the hosting nations. "Collectively along with the Arab and non-Arab manufacturers, the Organization of Petroleum Export Countries (OPEC) has been formed by Saudi Arabia for the purpose of securing the unsurpassed available value from the most important oil companies. From this period of time OPEC countries always tried to control the international crude oil market and they wanted to establish supervision upon the transactions of developed countries in relation to oil import and export (Middle East Oil Trade, 2010 and 2011, 2012). Considering political issues (Strategy 3): In accordance with the confer with compact PFC Energy, only 7 per cent of the anticipated oil and gas reserves throughout the world are in nations that permit private global corporations gratis rein. Entirely 65 per cent are under the control of nationalized corporations for instance Saudi Aramco, along with the other concerning nations like Venezuela and Russia, where admittance by the Western corporations are not easy. The PFC study entails unfavorable political collection to capitalism in several nations is inclined to perimeter upon oil manufacture enlarged in Iran Mexico, Kuwait, Iraq, Russia and Venezuela. Saudi Arabia is also preventive capability extension, but for the reason that of a self imposed limit, nothing like the other nations (Kirton, 2009). As per the publication made by theNew York Times,the oil bradawl thump in the United States has been augmented petroleum manufacture by more than 70 % from the year of 2008 and has abridged the United States petroleum importation from OPEC countries by 55% (Energy indicators, 2008). Increasing production capacity (Strategy 4): From the year of 2011 the United States of America has engrossed the speedily augmented home manufacture of light, sweet, tight oil by way of plummeting same kind of or parallel status, brings in crude petroleummainly from Nigerian and some other suppliers of African territory.Since 2011 to the year of 2013, 50 per cent of petroleum importation diminution collision light crude. Just about 96 % of the two million barrels every day, which is around 290,000m3/d of its expansion, arrives from sweet crude from stiff source development. As home manufacture prolongs to amplify, the United State is in front of upcoming confronts of fascinating the sweet stiff oil (International Crude Oil Trade, Year 2013, 2014). In the year 2011 the United States brought in 1.7 million barrels every day which is around 270,000m3/d. In the year 2013 crude petroleum importation were abridged to one million barrels every day which is around 160,000m3/d.In the early months of 2014, light rudimentary importations to the average of United States was only 0.6 million barrels every day which is around 95,000m3/d (International Crude Oil Trade, Year 2011, 2012). In the month of July of 2014 the non-OPEC manufacture was envisaged at 1.7 million barrels every day that is approximately 270,000m3/d along with the Canada and United States manufacturing 1.6 million barrels every day that is around 250,000m3/d in 2014 . In the month of June 2014 petroleum prices unexpectedly go down by around a third as United State, oil manufacture greater than before and the demand of China and Europe for petroleum reduced. Just previous to the United States quickly reversed out of the rudimentary oil importation marketplace for the reason that of thriving nationwide creation, the smudge value ofNorth Sea Brentcrude petroleum fatigued as on 17th June of 2014 at supplementary than US$115 for each barrel. Obtaining good quality oil from other resources (Strategy 5): Nigeria is the biggest manufacturer ofsweet petroleumin OPEC. On July 2014, as the United States clogged bring in sweet crude oil, additional crude petroleum has become obtainable to processing plant in China, South Korea, Japan and India. They together bought at around 42 per cent extra Nigerian crude oil in the year 2014 in comparison with 2013. Opening in June of 2014 Saudi Aramco national oil and gas company of Saudi Arabia and the biggest oil producing corporation of the world in expressions of production, reduced the value of its rudimentary oil to refineries of Asia to contend with petroleum from African and other Nigerian suppliers. In announcement as on 27th of November in the year 2014, in the OPEC seminar in Vienna, it was declared that the'OECD-Americas' has been the most important non OPEC petroleum supply provider to an predictable contribute enlargement of 1.4 million barrels every day that is 220,000m3/d, to an average of 57.3 million barrels every day that is 9,110,000m3/d, throughout the year of 2015. Since the year of 2011 until middle June of 2014 the yearly standard value of petroleum was about US$110 each barrel. From the month of June of 2014, nevertheless, the cost of oil slips at $US80. OPEC disagreed that this plummet in the cost of petroleum was not absolutely "accredited to oil marketplace rudiments." at the same time as oil marketplace rudiments, "sufficient supply, reasonable demand, a powerful US dollar and doubts concerning worldwide financial expansion" donated to the fall of value, "tentative movement within the oil marketplace has too been a significant aspect." Attempts towards price control (Strategy 6): Notwithstanding as to the worldwide inundate, as on 27th November of 2014 in Vienna, Oil Minister of Saudi, Ali al-Naimi, barren the application from the shoddier OPEC associate countries, such as Algeria Venezuela, and Iran, for manufacture slash. Standard crude, Brent petroleum pitched to US$71.25, a four year short. Al-Naimi said that the marketplace would be absent to accurate itself. "Ancient strategy of defensive price." has been adapted by OPEC. In according with a number of analysts, OPEC might allow value of Brent petroleum drop to US$60 to sluggish downward US shale petroleum manufacture.Regardless of a concerned financial system in associate nations, al-Naimi has repeated his declaration on Saudi functioning. On November of 2014, with creation at 30.56 million barrels every day that is around 4,859,000m3/d, OPEC go into its sixth month of over and above their combined target of manufacture. On 11th December of 2014 the value of OPEC orientation container of Crudes has been drop to US$60.50and by 13th December of the same year, the value of Brentpetroleumfallen to US$61.85. The 12th January of 2015, value of OPEC orientation container of Crudes has been reduced to US$43.55. On the month of February of 2015, OPEC had come in its ninth successive month of over and above their combined target of manufacture. Conclusion: After the above discussion it can be said that OPEC countries are at the controlling position in the world market in relation to the pricing of petroleum as well as the exportation of crude oil. Though the other countries gave an important contribution to produce oil and also to make refinery plants but these were not so successful as to the mark of OPEC member countries (Citino, 2002). Developed countries like America has given huge effort to the improvement of oil production sector but it was not so appreciable like the associate countries of OPEC. OPEC countries are blessed by nature and that is the main reason of the autonomy in the international crude oil market, but in some stage OPEC is obtaining undue advantages (Buckley, 2009). References Al-Chalabi, F. (2010).Oil policies, oil myths. London: I.B. Tauris. Buckley, P. (2009). Business history and international business.Business History, 51(3), pp.307-333. Chapman, G. and Hodges, G. (2011).Oil. Mankato, Minn.: Smart Apple Media. Citino, N. (2002).From Arab nationalism to OPEC. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Energy indicators. (2008).OPEC Energy Review, 32(4), pp.267-300. International Crude Oil Trade, Year 2011. (2012).World Oil Trade, 34(1), pp.43-52. International Crude Oil Trade, Year 2012. (2013).World Oil Trade, 35(1), pp.43-52. International Crude Oil Trade, Year 2013. (2014).World Oil Trade, 36(1), pp.43-53. Kazim, A. (2007). Theoretical limits of OPEC Members oil production.OPEC Review, 31(4), pp.235-248. Kirton, J. (2009).International organization. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. Middle East Oil Trade, 2010 and 2011. (2012).World Oil Trade, 34(1), pp.151-166. Noreng, . (2002).Crude power. London: I.B. Tauris. Ricks, D. (2000).Blunders in international business. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. Rittberger, V., Zangl, B. and Kruck, A. (2012).International organization. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Rugman, A. and Brewer, T. (2001).The Oxford handbook of international business. New York: Oxford University Press. Rugman, A. and Hodgetts, R. (2003).International business. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall/Financial Times.

‘Little Old Lady’ Essay Example

‘Little Old Lady’ Paper The play ‘Little Old Lady’ is set on a train; the play is about no smoking in underground station because of the fire at king’s crosses station in 1980 also the play is about how people were treated in the 1980s. Arnold Wesker wrote this play to show people how people were treated in 1980s. The main characters of the play are Sam and Tracy, they are both 15 years old, Jason is 17 years old, the others in the play, don’t have a real name. The writer called them by the way they are for example; little old lady, she is 65 years old and she’s called little old lady because she’s little and old. The other characters are Harassed Women. She is 45 years old and she’s called harassed women because she worries too much. The Unpleasant man, he is 50 years old and he is called unpleasant man because he’s not a nice person. The play is set in 1980s because at that time society was changing and people were begging to care less about others. Also ,young people respected old people at that time . Arnold Wesker wanted to show people how society was in the 1980 and how it changed so he wrote a play about how people’s views and values were . The stage directions and the dialogue show that it is everyday situation because the way people are talking to each other. Tracey says â€Å"capital of New Zealand† to Sam. Sam says â€Å"you’re getting really difficult, aren’t you? Then little old lady says â€Å"you don’t know the capital of new Zealand? This shows that it is just normal day because the way there are talking is normal and also they are playing a game and that’s normal. Also the place that is happing is in a train and this shows that it’s a normal day and people are acting normal. The setting of the play is good because it shows that it is a normal day and it’s a good place to show people how people are treated in the 1980s and how things are different now than before. The lighting goes on the person to show that he / she is speaking and it is good because u will know who is speaking. The sound that is used in the play shows that it is a normal day. â€Å"Sound of an underground train hurtling through its tube†. This shows that it’s a normal everyday situation. The way the characters are acting shows that it is an ordinary day for example what they are talking about. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Little Old Lady’ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Little Old Lady’ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Little Old Lady’ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The stage direction shows what is going to happen and how people are reacting to the situation. There is something that is not everyday situation and that is the smoke sign. The characters in the play are Tracy and Sam, they are both friends, little old lady, Harassed women, unpleasant man and Jason. The characters are divided into 2 groups and that is unpleasant man on his own, because he doesn’t want to listen to any one,’ he wants to do whatever he wants and that is to smoke in the train but the other people on the train are telling him that he shouldn’t smoke . He doesn’t listen and those people that are trying to tell him that is not allowed are little old lady, Sam, Tracy, Jason, Harassed women. First the little old lady argues with unpleasant man then the rest try to help the little old lady and that’s how the characters are divided, the unpleasant man against everyone else. The actions of the characters shows tension and conflict is when the little old lady argues with the Unpleasant man shows tension in the play because it makes the play worth while drama and this is shown in the play when the unpleasant man says â€Å" And you think yourself lucky you’re an old women â€Å". He says this to the little old lady, the little old lady says something back to get attention, she says â€Å"NO, you think yourself lucky I’m an old women â€Å". This shows that the man is trying to threaten the little old lady and this builds tension. The stage direction builds tension because it tells you what is happening and also what the characters are doing and saying. â€Å"The silence is long. Unease grows†. This shows that the stage direction also builds up tension when it is quiet. The writer is effective when he tries to build tension when it is quiet because it makes the play more interesting to read and the audience won’t get bored because the play is getting good and people like when something that is boring at first and then turns out to be good, makes the reader want to read more. The authors notes at the start are explaining that this play is strictly not about race and is all based on the issue of no smoking in the underground. The author became worried about the play because in those days the race tension was really high, and thought that the director would face difficulty choosing characters for this play . He did have difficulty choosing characters for the play because if he had picked a black student to take part in the play then people will see the play as racist and in 1980 society used to judge people because of there race. â€Å"If a black student plays the anti-social character it is interpreted as a statement about race not as a fact of life†. This shows that in the 1980 society judged people because of their race. For example if there where to watch a play about real life situation and a black student is taken part then they would see the play as racist not about life situation . I think it doesn’t have an effect on the way the play is read and performed because at the start of the play the author tells you that the play is not going to be about race, it’s going to be about life situation. The reader will know what the play is going to be about and they won’t have any problems reading it and they will have some ideas about how the play is going to be performed. I think when the characters ague or fight and the no smoking sign makes the play interesting for people to watch because in the begging of the play it was boring because it didn’t have any action but if it did then it would have been interesting for people to watch but it was good because at the start it didn’t have any action , it was all quiet and you would know that something is going to happen and that why the audience would carry on watching it because the play is going to be good but if it wasn’t then nobody would watch it , they wouldn’t find it interesting . Wesker puts a no smoking sign in the train because so people will know that something is going to happen and it did, in the play the little old lady argues with the unpleasant man because he was smoking and in the train you are not allowed and the little old lady was trying to tell the man that smoking is not allowed but he didn’t listen to her, he just ignored her. This shows that in the 1980 people didn’t respect old people at that time but children did respect old people.