Changes in Canada Free Essays

Lastly, in 1905 the 9th and 10th provinces were added in which were Alberta and Saskatchewan (All Website 1 and 2) which are colored red. As you can see a lot of changes had happened during hose 38 years but we have yet to discuss Unapt which was created in 1999. Canada now has 10 provinces and 3 territories. We will write a custom essay sample on Changes in Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now Canada has been through many changes for it to become the great country it is now. Stronger and Better Canada The Confederation and the changes that had happened to Canada had a positive effect on Canada. A large effect the Confederation had on Canada Is on the economy and Canada’s social structure. This lead to Canada being a strong country as It Is today. The Confederation helped with transportation problems. All the colonies were Joined to make one whole country to spend less money on International railway systems. This saved tons of money (Website 3 and 5). The railway also helped with Canada’s defenses and soldiers. If a colony was under attack they could easily send soldiers on the railway systems throughout Canada. Secondly, the Confederation mainly helped Canada’s economy. Economy In any country Is Important, and Canada’s economy Is great compared to most countries. External trade at this time was not working too well, so Canada had to rely on International trade. New railway systems created in this process, because External trade was not working, Canada had to rely on its farmers and manufactures (Website 4). Canada’s rose, causing the creation of ore and more Jobs as the years progressed. Industrialization was becoming more common as Canada started to grow. This resulted in arbitration. Finally, the Confederation created an organized government; because of a more organized government more laws were able to be set. One important thing that was done was equal rights. The Constitution allowed First Nations, women and blacks to be heard in parliament, as their voices were not heard until the early sass (HUH). Canada many important pull factors and attracted many immigrants during the sass. The government started to give out land for these immigrants to settle, immigration is important for Canada as our economy is stable and there are many Job opportunities (HUH-96). In 1999 Unapt Joined the confederation making it Canada’s 3rd and last territory. It was created to give Intuit people more freedom (HUH). In conclusion the Confederation helped Canada develop to where it is now; it is an important part of Canadian history. The Confederation created a more organized government system for laws to be passed, transportation problems to cut down on prices for railroads and making trade more efficient. Now we know how Canada became such a great and successful country. How to cite Changes in Canada, Papers

Role of Manager in Organization

Question: Describe about the role of manager in an organization. Answer: Introduction The business research proposal talks about certain qualities that the manager of a business should have to lead his managerial team. In todays world almost all business organisations face stiff competition from their rivals. Hence, all the business organisations have the goal to remain at the top in this competitive market (Robbins, et al., 2013). The managers of the business organisations are the leaders whose duty is to deliver good quality services to their clients or customers. The role of a manager is to guide the organisation keeping in mind the values and objectives of the organisation. The managers of a business organisation play important roles in maintaining a smooth flow of work in the business environment (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). Hence, it is necessary to understand and discuss about the leadership qualities that the managers should have to effectively guide their respective teams. In the business research proposal the author would discuss the essential qualities that a manager of a business organisation should have to run the business effectively and successfully. The research proposal also discusses how a manager can improve his managerial skills by knowing his shortcomings and strengths. Literature Review of the topic Many researchers and scholars have conducted extensive studies to understand and discuss the roles of the mangers in the business environment. Moreover, many scholars have also thrown light on the leadership qualities that the mangers of the business should have in their articles and journals. The studies reveal that management is the art of extracting the desired work from the right person in an organisation (Dubrin, 2015). Hence, managers in the business firms need to be very effective and skilful in getting the job done by the employees of the firm right on time. The managers are the leaders who would guide their team members to move in the right track while doing their jobs (Simons, 2013). Some of the qualities that the managers of a business organisation should have include supervision of the jobs done by the employees, leading the teams and supplying desired and adequate resources to groups of employees. Scholars and researchers claim in their study that the managers need to be innovative, flexible, punctual and proactive in their day to day activities. The leaders should have a strong personality that would help them guide their teams in the right direction even in unfavourable conditions (Hislop, 2013). All the members of the company, including the directors, the stakeholders, the customers and the employees would derive the advantage of the leadership qualities of the manager. The extensive studies of researchers and scholars highlight the effectiveness of the managers in allocating appropriate tasks to the employees taking into consideration their skills and expertise in doing the job. Being good leaders, the managers of the firm should have the ability to communicate with each of his team members clearly and effectively (Scott Davis, 2015). Studies reveal that apart from leadership skills, the managers of the business organisation need to have the following qualities as well: Decision making ability: The managers of the firms often need to make the right decision at the right time in order to prevent the company from suffering from monetary loss or loss of reputation and goodwill (Hill, et al., 2013). Strategic planning: The managers of the firm should have the ability to strategise and plan effectively to facilitate smooth functioning of the business (Northouse, 2015). Research Questions In view of the above discussion, the researcher wants to highlight some research questions that are discussed below. The researcher tries to find answers to these research questions by collecting data from relevant sources, analysing them and conducting a research. What, according to the employees of a firm, are the essential qualities that an efficient manager should have? How important is it for the manager to be aware of his skills and weaknesses to be a good leader? What are the ways in which the managers of the business organisation can improve their managerial skills? The literature review gives a clear understanding of the topic. The literature review of the topic helps the researcher frame his research questions and work on them. Description of research methodologies and techniques The research methodologies and techniques describe the process how the research work would proceed. The research methodologies for this business research proposal would include the following steps: Defining aim and objectives of the research: The researcher would first clearly state the objective and goal behind doing the research. The researcher would clearly explain the topic of the research in this part. Designing the research: The researcher would then design and frame the research procedure. The researcher decides on the steps that he would follow to complete the study (Brue, 2015). Sampling: The most important aspect of conducting a research is to sample the desired information from the relevant sources. The researcher would employ appropriate probabilistic random sampling techniques to gather the information. Data collection: the researcher collects the desired data from the sources that he had sampled in the previous steps. Data analysis: The researcher would analyse the data collected to answer the research questions that he posed. Drawing conclusions: This is the final step of the research in which the researcher reports and states his findings. The researcher draws the appropriate conclusion in this step (Bryman Bell, 2015). The following diagram shows the steps that the researcher would follow to complete the study. Gantt chart The Gantt chart would describe the important milestones of the research process. The Gantt chart gives the time at which the literature review, the data collection and analysis and the final report submission would be due. Task Start date Duration End date Literature Review 13th June 15.00 28th June Data Collection 29th June 60.00 29th Aug Data Analysis 30th Aug 55.00 25th Oct Final Report Submission 26th Oct 30.00 26th Nov Description of the research process To conduct the research, the researcher first applies a probability sampling technique to select the samples of his data (Lewis, 2015). The researcher would conduct the study in a team consisting of five members. The team would consist of three male members and five female members belonging to the age group of thirty years. The researcher would observe the eight members for two weeks. In each week the researcher would spend twenty-five hours to closely follow the interactions of these workers with their managers in making important decisions in the business. The researcher would conduct interviews of the managers of the different departments of the business organisations. The researcher would conduct the interviews with the help of the questionnaire (Tracy, 2013). The questionnaire contains questions that the managers need to answer about their views regarding the qualities that they should possess to lead the teams efficiently. The questionnaire also contains questions that would require the managers to share their views about the necessity to be aware of their own strengths and shortcomings. This is the primary source of data that the researcher would use in his study (Myers, 2013). The researcher interrogated the Compensation Manager, the Human Resource Manager, the senior coordinator of human resources and the volunteer of the human resource for collecting the data. Then the researcher would analyse the data collected from the managers by employing suitable qualitative data analysis techniques. Description of data collection and data analysis techniques The researcher would collect the primary data by interviewing the respective managers of different departments through the questionnaire. Then from the data collected the researcher would perform a test that would provide him the reliability scale of the answers given by the interviewees (Taylor, et al., 2015). The experimenter made some underlying assumptions while performing the test. The analyst would test if the responses that the interviewees gave would conform to those assumptions. The analyst ensures that the responses of the managers do not violate the assumptions of the study. The analyst would perform the following two tests to analyse the qualitative data: Conflict Mode self assessment test (KTI) due to Thomas Kilmann. Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) Psychometric Test (Smith, 2015). These two tests would help the researcher understand and find the answers to the proposed research questions. Expected research outcomes After conducting the research, the researcher expects that he would get the answers to the questions on which this study is based. The outcomes of the research would help the managers to understand what qualities they should develop to perform their job better. The findings of the research would create awareness among the managers about their strengths and drawbacks (Daft, 2014). The researcher expects that the results of the research would find new ways for the managers to improve their leadership qualities and their managerial skills. Conclusion From all the above discussions, the author is of the view that the business organisations run on the efficient managerial skills and the leadership qualities of the managers of the different departments. One can conclude that the research proposal would contribute significantly to both the employees and the managers of a business organisation. One can conclude that the development of the leadership qualities of the managers would improve the overall performance of the business organisation. References: Brue, G. (2015).Six Sigma for Managers, (Briefcase Books Series). McGraw Hill Professional. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014).Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Daft, R. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Dubrin, A. (2015).Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Hill, C. W., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2013).Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Hislop, D. (2013).Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice, 1524839915580941. Myers, M. D. (2013).Qualitative research in business and management. Sage. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013).Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU.

5 Para. Character Sketch On A Seperate Peace Essays - Free Essays

5 Para. Character Sketch On A Seperate Peace Essays - Free Essays 5 Para. Character Sketch On A Seperate Peace Friendship is a bond that is held together by mutual respect and common benevolence. John Knowles explores this realm deeply in his novel, A Separate Peace. Phineas and Gene are best friends, but their friendship is challenged as Gene feels that Finny is superior. Finny, unlike Gene, has no inner conflict, but instead he mentally creates a perfect universe. When Gene finally unleashes his suppressed anger by use of violence, Finny is unable to accept it as intentional in an effort to sustain his perfect world. Unfortunately, he permits this hidden truth to fester until ultimately it destroys his mental paradise along with himself. Finny utilizes his idealistic views of life, genuine caring for others, and charismatic abilities to make people love him in order to preserve his inner utopia. Finnys idealistic views of the real world are optimistic and show the naivet of his character. He has standards of perfection for life, and he is willing to sacrifice the truth to uphold this perfection. This is true even when the truth is openly admitted, such as when Gene confesses that he deliberately jounced the limb so you [Finny] would fall off (Knowles 62). Finny simply denies it and even shows some anger by threatening to kill you [Gene] if you dont shut up (62). This anger becomes the first step in the deterioration of his perfect universe. Finny cannot accept the fact that there are imperfect feelings in the world, such as losing, because Finny never permitted himself to realize that when you won, they lost (27). Furthermore, Finny has a genuine heart, which aids in his friendship with Gene. His sincerity and honesty significantly depicts how uncorrupt his character is. He sets aside certain rules to live by, of which he strongly believes to Never say you are five feet nine when youre five feet eight and a half (26). This reveals how true Finnys character is, and the fact that it is a commandment shows how his morals are the basis for his life. Finny is also very sincere with his friendship towards Gene, by openly revealing that At this teen-age period in life the proper person is your best pal. He hesitated and then added, which is what you are, (40). Whereas Gene is insecure about their friendship, Finny readily admits his true feelings. This genuine attitude deteriorates in the end along with his world as he lies in an effort to suppress the truth. Additionally, Finny has an undeniable charisma that gives him the natural charm respected by all, all but Gene. He has an extraordinary power to make people love him, and it is that love which Gene envies. His power is shown when he was forced to speak himself, the hypnotic power of his voice combined with the singularity of his mind to produce answers, which were often no right but could rarely be branded as wrong (46). His charisma allows him to slip out of difficult situations, such as when Finny wears the Devon School tie as a belt, the substitute Headmaster seemed pleased or amused in some unknown corner of his mind (19). Gene, however, envied this, and it gives him an excuse to unleash his anger and the violence. So consequently, Finnys charisma ultimately leads to his demise. Finny is idealistic in his visions of the world, genuine in his caring for people, and charismatic in his convincing nature, and these qualities make him highly revered by many. Unfortunately, Gene tries to compete with Finny, which is impossible for Gene, so he envies Finny. When Gene releases his anger, Finny is unable to accept the truth, because he wants to preserve his utopia. This perfect world is created by Finnys mind in order to not see the evils of the real world. The friendship between the two of them is not mutual. This is why one must keep their enemies close, but their friends closer, because friends are most likely to stab their friends in the back.

Words and Expressions You Should Stop Using

Words and Expressions You Should Stop Using Phrases You Should Never Say Again Public speaking is very common yet difficult activity. To make a good impression, you should have great communication skills. Before talking in front of a big audience during your next meeting, presentation, etc., think whether you dont resort to the annoying as well as useless verbal fits described below. Its a well-known fact that people face various difficulties connected with the oral speaking and developing effective communication skills. The most common troubles might be uttering the same word too often in a short period of time, using speech patterns that irritate the audience even without noticing or falling in love with a few expressions. If you do such mistakes that are related to public speeches, then whatever you endeavored to say will get lost. Here you can find the most widely met problems regarding this issue. Saying the name of a certain person two times This refers especially to the usage of your own name twice. If you state your double name in the same sentence it means that you want to say that your unusual and unacceptable behavior should be justified. For instance: All I can say is that Emily is being Emily. Even worse to say would be me being me. So, whenever you use such a verbal trick as a way to give a description of that particular person, youre simply trying to make an excuse for bad behavior you would never accept from any other person. What is more, everyone is familiar with that. Closing a discussion without any profound justification Another common verbal tic is when you end a talk not providing any supporting phrases or backup. Bear in mind that while making a decision it is of a great importance to give the supported closure. If you forget about this significant step, then it will undoubtedly lead to failure and misunderstanding. Pretending you are hesitating when, in reality, you are quite sure In this case, people may make an attempt to show that they still have mind opened to new suggestions or points of view. They might be really 100% sure, however, pretending they can change their plans if something goes differently than discussed before. Remember, you shouldnt say you are not sure unless you truly have a desire to reconsider certain viewpoints. Excessive use of one and the same word As a result, people hear only this word, in spite of the fact that you want to tell them lots of other interesting information. For example, my boss used such phrases like in other words, regarding and in general almost in every single sentence. Sometimes he even managed to cram all of them into one sentence. Falling in love with a word or a phrase will mean that your audience can become not only sick and tired of them, but will not even hear other words. Thus, you need to stop using such words or phrases. It will be hard, but only practice makes perfect!

D&a-final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

D&a-final paper - Essay Example In Maurices words, his father, "made airplane parts and made money" (Official Barry Corbin Site). Maurice developed an early interest in flying because of a dinner guest who came to his home on Sundays and told stories of flying. Maurice talks favorably about his father but he does not have a lot to say about his mother. Not much is known about Maurices childhood because he did not talk about this in the first interview. He talks more about his accomplishments as though he was attempting to impress the counselor. He talks about his accomplishment in high school where he became an Eagle Scout and president of the Young Republicans Club. He also graduated as the Valedictorian of his class and began military training at Annapolis afterwards (Official Barry Corbin Site). He reports that he loved Boot Camp USMC, Parris Island because in his words, "you walked in one man and you walked out another" (Official Barry Corbin Site). Maurice has stayed the course of being a military man and this was a very important aspect of his life that gave him a structure that made sense to him. Maurice became a "fly boy" in the Korean War and is proud of the fact that he had 15 confirmed kills during that time. This was a very important period for him because he gained a level of self respect and became more of a man in his eyes. He eventually became an Astronaut and is now a multi-millionaire. Maurice had many endorsements and he had "plenty of women" because they liked to sleep with him because he was famous (Brand and Falsey, 1992). Maurice currently lives by himself in a large home outside Cicely. He has had a long-term relationship with a police officer, Barbara, who shares his love of the military and of guns. He has recently asked Barbara to marry him and she has accepted, though they have not set a date yet. Maurice states that Barbara is the only woman who he feels

ELEMENTS OF COMMERCIAL & CONSUMER LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

ELEMENTS OF COMMERCIAL & CONSUMER LAW - Essay Example Therefore, responsive regulation prescribes how best regulatory enforcement can promote compliance. Responsive regulation provides a chance for the regulator to understand the intricacies between state regulation and private regulations. This is because the regulator steps aside only to become involved if need be. Good regulation however has to realize the important role played by both self regulation and state regulation and offer room for both2 . Hence formal law ought to incorporate the best commercial practices and serve to entrench those practices. This is what responsive regulation seeks to achieve. Formal law should serve as a basis for the industry to self regulate. Business communities ought to formulate law for themselves with the courts checking how businesses use those laws. A good policy needs not force the businesses choose between self regulation and government regulation. This is because it is possible to have the best of both3. Good policy has to do with understanding self regulation and how it relates to government regulation. Hence laws that regulate businesses have to be developed and implemented with the involvement of the affected businesses. Other than the government designing policies for the businesses it has been found out that, better policies are arrived at when both the government and the private sector participate. Responsive regulation advocates that the regulator responds to the structure of the industry being regulated. This means that different structures in the industry will be subjected to different degrees of regulation4. This is because different levels of the industry have different motivations hence deserve slightly different degrees of regulation. Regulation from the government should take into account the diverse objectives of the businesses under regulation. This is because regulations can not only affect the structure of the regulated businesses

Medical Uses Of Infrared Photography Cultural Studies Essay

Medical Uses Of Infrared Photography Cultural Studies Essay Tattoos have been an invaluable method for the identification of non skeletonised remains. The design and/or location of the tattoo can be substantially exclusive to provide adequate identification, and especially when combined with other distinguishing features they can definitively identify and individual. During an autopsy the pathologist will take note of tattoos just as they would any other distinguishing marks, such as birth marks, defects or scars. In cases such as mass disasters, it can sometimes be one of only few methods available for the initial examination of the remains. In 2001, Kingsholm et al studied several unidentified bodies and remains found in Danish waters, some of which had tattoos. Discovery and detailing of any tattoos can also aid in tracing unidentified bodies back to their cultural backgrounds, thus in some cases tattoos have important historical aspects. Tattoos can also indicate a history of incarceration (Mallon et al 1999) and in such cases the individual sporting this unique design may not wish to be easily identified. Repeat offenders for example, may choose to remove or alter their defining features and members of gangs or organised crime groups may wish to no longer be associated with that particular faction. Some tattoos may serve to connect one individual with another, such as love tattoos, which can also aid in identification of the individual sporting the design. Different light sources and filter techniques have been used routinely in criminal investigations; the following uses of infrared (IR) photography presented in this introduction are all relevant to this study as they go some length towards explaining the nature of infrared and therefore what might be expected, allowing for deduction of a hypothesis which is presented later in this report. Infrared describes the part of the spectrum just beyond the visible red wavelengths (700 1200 nm) There are many used of infrared photography spanning many different fields. For art photography purposes, Infrared can be used to photograph objects in the distance, or in foggy conditions due to the infrareds ability to penetrate the haze (Milsom 2001). For portrait photography, infrared is sometimes favoured to give the appearance of a clear complexion Infrareds (IR) ability to penetrate the superficial layers of the epidermis of skin is exploited in medical photography as a method of photographing venous patterns underneath the skin and of documenting healing under lesions in the skin. They found that imaging in the near-infrared range provided relatively good contrast of subcutaneous veins. This works due to the fact that haemoglobin is a chromophore that absorbs near infrared, and the skin absorbs very little IR relative to the absorption of infrared demonstrated by the veins (Haxthausen, 1933), or transmits or reflects most of the near infrared spectrum, therefore it appears lighter by contrast to the darkened veins. Zharov et al (2004) identified the potential of this technique as a diagnostic method for varicose veins at a depth of 1-3mm into the skin. The use of infrared photography for the detection of varicose veins or any other subcutaneous abnormalities is demonstrated by Marshall (1981). This research uses infrared reflectance (as well as ultraviolet) to measure the densities across pigmented lesions of the skin and found it to be a useful method. The study by Haxthausen (1933) found that for documenting superficial afflictions, such as psoriasis, ordinary photography was far superior to infrared photography, as under the infrared conditions, the imperfections were removed. Afflictions that occurred in the deeper layers of the skin were captured best using infrared photography. In cases of burn injury is can be difficult to assess the damage or the thermal burn depth. Anselmo et al (1976) found that infrared photography could be used as a valuable and non invasive method of assess burn depth. Their experiment used Wratten 89A infrared filter Infrared photography allowed for the differentiation between viable and necrotic dermis. Infrared photography of bloodstains and Gunshot residue Forensic applications of infrared photography include detecting gunshot residue on clothing (Bailey et al 2007) and less commonly, for detecting bloodstains on dark clothing or at crime scenes. A report by Raymond and Hall in 1986 illustrated a dark coloured sofa, showcased in the report as a black and white photograph for the visual spectrum comparison. In this photograph there is no obvious bloodstain, it cannot be distinguished from the rest of the sofa due to the dark colour of the sofa. The infrared photograph was taken using the Wratten #88a filter. In this photograph the sofa had lightened and now by comparison, the area of bloodstained sofa (now darkened by contrast) could easily be distinguished. When using infrared photography to detect and document traces of blood on dark clothing, the infrared will make the blood appear darker and the surrounding clothing appear lighter by contrast. This is all due to the absorbing capabilities of the clothing and of the blood. Blood absorbs throughout the visible spectrum and the near infrared spectrum (typically absorbing most wavelengths of near infrared 700-900nm) and so its appearance in infrared records will be darkened, in contrast the clothing might only absorb through the visible light range of the spectrum, and so in the infrared records will appear lighter, or transparent. Dark clothing can hinder the successful visualisation of blood spatter patterns in much the same way that darkened mummified skin can hinder the detection of tattoos, or that charring on a fire damaged document can affect the successful visualisation of the writing. A study by Perkins (2005) used digital infrared photography, Wratten #89B filter to photograph blood spatter on several different materials. The dark clothing appeared to reflect the infrared, thus enhancing the contrast between the clothing and the blood patterns. Bailey et al (2007) used digital infrared photography to better visualise gunshot residue on dark clothing. It is very similar in both methodology and results to the use of this technique in bloodstain analysis. The camera ISO was set at 200 and the filter used was the Wratten #87. The GSR, undetected under visible light conditions, appeared dark against a lightened cloth under IR. The use of infrared in analysis of obliterated writings and questioned documents Infrared photography also has many applications in the field of forensic science. It is a common method for detecting obliterated writing (Creer 1976) for detecting forged, or altered documents, such as cheques and to aid in the examination of writing obscured by charring on fire damaged documents (Bartha. 1973) McCaul et al (2007) discuss the problems facing forensic scientists when traditional photography techniques fall short at documenting certain evidence. In the examination of documents, IR can be used to detect forgeries or alterations, relying on the fact that the visually similar inks may reflect or absorb infrared at varying levels and wavelengths. Parallels can be drawn between the uses of infrared for examining obliterated writing and this study into examining original tattoos from underneath cover tattoos. The use of correction fluid or other inks to cover writing serves to render the underlying text illegible, in the same way that the cover tattoo serves to distort, hide or completely cover the original underlying tattoo. If infrared photography can allow for the underlying writing to be visualised, than it is entirely possible that underlying original tattoo could be recovered. The successful recovery of obliterated writings is dependent on the different inks used and their infrared absorbing capabilities. Some ink, when irradiated with infrared, will absorb it. This is due to the presence of different Chromophores in the different inks (Ellen, 2006) A chromophore is the chemical group of a molecule that is responsible for the molecules colour, and they absorb, reflect and transmit different wavelengths. Other examples include chlorophyll, melanin and amethyst. Infrared photography can also be used to examine/restore writing on charred documents (Bartha 1973). The success of the visualisation is dependent on the degree of charring. The charred paper is darkened due to partly converted resinous material before being completely degraded to elementary carbon. The carbon in the pen ink absorbs the infrared and so appears dark under IR, by contrast the charred paper looks lighter. The Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) is often used in the examination of obliterated writing (G M Mokrzycki 1999). The VSC uses Infrared radiant energy and filters to see through inks and other obliterations, and reveal obscured objects. The use of infrared photography is not an uncommon method for visualising and recording obliterated writing, S. Sugawara (2004) discusses the use of both near and middle infrared in deciphering obliterated writings by looking at writing made by 101 different pens. Erasures describe inks that have been made invisible by removal of the colour components of the inks. Sometimes when these components are removed, remnants are left behind. Sometimes whatever remains on, or just below, the surface can be detected using infrared. This is the same principle encountered in a paper by McKechnie et al (2008) in which infrared was used to detect remnants of ink left behind in the skin post-laser removal treatment. The findings of this research will be analysed in greater detail later on in this research paper. Other uses of infrared photography The uses of Infrared photography do not begin and end at medical and forensic uses however, for example, Bridgeman and Gibson (1963) used infrared to examine paintings. A paper by J R J Van Aperen De Boer (1969) successfully applies Infrared Reflectography to view the under-drawings of carbon pencil, with varying degrees of success of medieval paintings. Pencil lead (which is primarily graphite) absorbs throughout the infrared range of the spectrum, and the visible range. Because of this, under both near and far infrared conditions the graphite will remain as readily viewable as to the naked eye. Thus far this project has looked at both medical and forensic uses of infrared photography, many of which have in common the idea that infrared can be used to recover, or detect traces of one material (for example; ink) from underneath another material (such as correction fluid). These underlying or otherwise camouflaged materials are not readily viewable with the naked eye, or easily recorded using ordinary photographic methods. This is the same principle as is to be employed in this research. The detection of latent residue tattoo ink pigments The use of infrared photography to record tattoos is by no means a recent phenomenon. As long ago as 1938 JÃ ¶rg used infrared photography to detect tattoos that were otherwise undetectable with the naked eye. Although infrared photography has been utilized to study tattoos, there is not a great deal of literature available on the topic. Below some specific examples are given. The following are 2 examples found provide useful validation of infrared penetrating capabilities coupled with its specific use for detecting tattoo designs that have been affected by environmental conditions, or purposefully made difficult to visualise: Mckechnie et al use infrared photography to attempt to visualise latent tattoo ink residue from laser removed tattoos. This research article only used 2 participants, and with a success rate of 50% and so a follow up experiment would be required using a larger sample size to validate the findings. Both participants had their tattoos removed by laser treatment to the extent that they were no longer visible to the naked human eye. One of the participants tattoos was professionally done; the other was an amateur tattoo. Although the authors explain the difference between amateur and professional tattoos as a possible factor (that is that professional tattoos use more ink and are injected deeper into the dermis than amateur tattoos) and cross reference it with infrareds ability to penetrate the skin, they do not expand on the colour or pigment as being factors resulting in the success or failure of the trial. Visualising tattoos on mummified remains using infrared photography One of the original journal articles of interest that could be said to have initiated the thought behind this project idea, or at the very least inspire a belief of the success of the project, uses infrared Reflectography to examine tattoos on mummified remains, the mummified tissue normally being darkened to the extent that visualisation under normal photography conditions is near impossible (Alvrus et al 2001) It showcases the usefulness of infrared for lightening certain aspects of a subject in order to see others. In this case, the darkened mummified tissue made it difficult to visualise the tattoo under normal photographic conditions (visible light). Under Infrared conditions however, the contrast between the tattoo and the surrounding skin was enhanced; the darkened mummified skin appeared lighter, and by contrast the tattoo (which appeared darker) was readily visible. This is due to the differing absorption/reflection of infrared. The substances in the tattoo absorb the majori ty of the infrared; the surrounding skin reflects the infrared. A similar technique is used in the identification of tattooing on a 1600 year old mummified body found in Alaska (Smith and Zimmerman 1975) Tattooing was identified on the hands and forearms of the Eskimo female remains using infrared photography. The darkened skin obscured the tattoos to the extent that they could not be viewed under visible light spectral range photography. Skin thickness as a factor One of the other variables accounted for in this project is the area on the body of that tattoo, the thought behind this being that the thickness of the skin might come into play. According to E J Wood (1985) the thickness of the epidermis ranges from 0.06 0.1mm (from eyelids, to back and callused areas, respectively). The dermis ranges from 2 4mm thick, and accounts for the bulk of the skin. Although any differences in skin depth tend to be minute, they may still account for variable success rates due to the migrating nature of tattoo ink through the dermis and the penetrating capabilities of infrared. A skilled tattooist will not allow the needle to penetrate the skin no deeper than 2mm, the reasons for which are discussed below in The tattoo process. The ink must be deposited deeper than the epidermis, or else the ink will fade as the outer layers of the skin shed, therefore the thickness of the epidermis will affect how deep the ink must be deposited. It is also assumed that th e thickness of the dermis will correlate with the thickness of the epidermis. This is why this research paper has chosen to look at the area on the body of the tattoo as a possible factor. The tattoo process The process of tattooing involves injecting pigment, suspended in a carrier, through the epidermis and into the dermis of the skin, no more than 2mm or else the tattooist risk the ink bleeding, creating a smudged effect, regardless of the tattoo technique employed (the settings of the modern tattoo machine do not allow for the needle to penetrate any deeper than 2mm). There is no exact science as to the pressure exerted on the needle by the individual tattooist, as it is a matter of personal judgement (direct quotation from Mark tattooist from Dannys tattoo Studio in Sneinton, Nottingham) depending on the area of the body on which the tattoo is being performed. Tattooing on an individuals back or upper arm will require greater pressure because the skin is much thicker, the setting of the tattoo machine will also have to be altered for deeper penetration through the epidermis and into the dermis. Once injected into the upper layer of the dermis, the pigment is suspended in the fibroblasts (Sperry 1991). When looking at a tattoo, the tattoo is being viewed through the epidermis. Over time the deposited tattoo ink will disperse deeper into the dermis, and so it is possible that time, both between original and cover, and time since cover, could be a feature in the investigation. Tattoo Ink pigments More often than not, the tattooist will use a tattoo ink containing pigments which will be manufactured outside of the tattooists own premises, the exact content and purity of which is in most cases, unknown. There are certain guidelines in place for manufacturers of tattoo inks to abide by when producing the inks, however manufacturers of tattoo ink are not forced by law to disclose the ingredients used in the inks. A study by Timko et al (2001) found that, of 30 inks studied, the most commonly identified elements were aluminium, oxygen, titanium and carbon at 87, 73, and 67 percent respectively. Professional tattoo artists have access to over 100 different colours (Kirby et al 2005), many of these are mixtures of colours, for example red and white to make pink, thus making it difficult to classify pigment-wise. The research by Kirby et al (2005) found significant variability in pigment cluster sizes in professional tattoos, compared to amateur tattoos. They also found colour pigment granules to be larger than black pigment granules. This was initially an area of interest, but not one that this research paper will focus on due to the difficulty encountered in obtaining the relevant information. This study uses infrared photography in an attempt to visualise an original tattoo from underneath a cover tattoo, the success of which could be due to a number of different factors. A summary of these factors are as follows: To look at the colours used in both the original tattoo and the cover tattoo and how this affects the successful visualization of the original tattoo using infrared. To look for any correlation linking time since cover tattoo (up to date of photograph) and success of the experiment. This essentially will be looking at the effects of the migration of tattoo ink. To look at any trends involving time elapsed between original tattoo and cover tattoo, and the success of the infrared photographs obtained. As above, this will be examining the effects of ink particle migration. To look at the area on the body of the tattoo and discover if there is a relationship between this and the success of a particular photograph. Essentially, this is investigation skin density as a factor. Taking into account all the research discussed previously and the results obtained by the various studies in the field of infrared photography a few hypotheses have been deduced: The first is that the penetrative nature of infrared suggests it is possible to recover the underlying pigment of the original tattoo from beneath the cover tattoo. The reasons behind this are thought at this stage to be due to the colours present, or perhaps even the concentration of black used in the colour mixtures. The way in which an object appears when photographed using infrared is a direct consequence of their absorbing capabilities. For the purposes of this particular study inspiration was drawn for the research into questioned documents, or more specifically the detection of different inks using infrared. Most inks have different absorbing capabilities, some will only absorb through the visible light spectrum, and some throughout the visible light and into the infrared range. The reason behind this, as mentioned earlier, is due to the chromophores in the dye molecules. In the same way that infrared might be used to detect the underwritings of obliterated text, IR could be used to detect the underlying tattoo pigment, depending on the chromophores, or colours used. The second hypothesis is that any variation in the depth/thickness of the skin will be such a minute difference that it is unlikely to affect the overall success of the project. The factors of time (time between original and cover, and time since cover) are likely to have minimal effect, if any, on the successful visual recovery of the underlying tattoo. It is thought that any trends are more likely to be observed in the extreme time periods, for example, between tattoos that are under a year old and tattoos that are over 30 years old. This is because the most recently done tattoos will not have been affected by migration, whereas very aged tattoos will have undergone decades of migration of the ink particles. Method and materials A sample number of 33 (n33) individuals were used in this research, all of whom volunteered their time and consented for the presentation of their tattoos anonymously in this research paper. All that was required of potential participants was that they had a cover tattoo, there was no other criteria selected for, for example age or gender. The participants were then required to fill out a consent form, as no photographs could be taken without. The participants were asked to fill out a short questionnaire to aid in investigation of the various factors discussed in the introduction, an example of which can be found in the appendix. This project utilizes the near infrared part of the spectrum (the far infrared part of the spectrum is commonly used for thermal imaging). The infrared filters allow infrared light to pass through the camera and blocks most of the visible light spectrum. The Fujifilm IS pro digital SLR camera is sensitive to both ultraviolet and infrared light between 380nm and 1000nm. Optimum settings for the camera were assessed during several pre-experiments. Manual setting, ISO 200 and aperture f/6.3, which provided adequate depth of field for the infrared photographs Filters 87 and 88a were used, which are described as deep infrared filters; allow no visible light to pass through. The Wratten 87 filter has a sharp cut-off at ~800nm, and so transmits freely throughout the infrared region. The 88A has a slightly narrower window with an effective cut-off at ~750nm. The control photographs were taken using a UV/IR barrier filter. All photographs are taken at a 90Â ° angle from the subject (as close to as possible without actually measuring the exact angle) this was to eliminate any false positives due to raised tattoos (which can happen in hot conditions). A colour scale, a grey scale and a sizing scale are held in place around the tattoo. The first photo taken is the control photograph, using the IR-UV cut lens. This allows visible light to be captured and so essentially, is just a normal (visible light) flash photography picture. The second photograph removes the UV-IR cut lens, replacing it with an IR filter. The first used is the Wratten 87, as many photographs as necessary are then taken using this filter. The third set of photographs is taken with the 88a IR filter. The Metz 45CL4 electronic flash gun was the light meter of choice, the setting of which differs between photos depending on the light source available at the location. A number of photographs were taken of each tattoo; one control photograph, and 2 photographs using each filter. The first infrared photograph was to capture the entire tattoo, including the scales. A second photograph was taken if deemed necessary, which was a close up shot, focussing on any areas of interest highlighted in the first infrared photograph in order to capture better detail. Once all of the photograph records were obtained they were categorized into successful and unsuccessful. Of the successful results, due to the varying degrees of success encountered from record to record, it was felt necessary to categorize further still with the introduction of a grading system. The grading system is as follows: 0 None of the original tattoo could be visualised 1 Partial original tattoo visualisation 2 Most of original tattoo can be seen 3 All of the original tattoo can be seen from underneath the cover tattoo. Please note that some of the images presented in this report have only undergone basic alterations post production. The changes made to the infrared images were limited to minor brightness and contrast changes to accentuate any detail in the pictures that may have been lost when the images were resized and in order to retain detail in the printed hard copy. These changes are as follows: Brightness was altered to a maximum of around -10% for the infrared images on Microsoft Office Word 2007. Contrast was altered to a maximum of +30% on Microsoft Office Word 2007. These values are approximate, and dependant on the detail captured in the original, unaltered photographs. The images were not altered in any other way The underlying tattoo can be somewhat visualised under visible light photography conditions however visualisation of the original tattoo is accentuated using the Infrared as it removes the camouflage or interference provided by purple shading of the cover tattoo. This is a grade 2 example. This was graded as 2 because a substantial amount of the original tattoo can be recovered. In this case, the tattoo, under visible light conditions, is not an obvious cover tattoo as no detail of the underlying tattoo can be detected due to the use of shading and the faded nature of the original tattoo. With the shading of the cover tattoo removed using the IR filters the detail in the original tattoo can be visualised. The black shading of the cover tattoo on the eagles head and wings is not visually removed by the infrared, and so part of the cover tattoo is still camouflaged. Note The dark green and blue of the original tattoo appear darker in the infrared than the other colours of the cover tattoo. The purple in the background has completely disappeared in the infrared photograph. This is a particularly interesting record as it demonstrates the absorbing capabilities of black ink. Although some of the original design can been seen in the control photograph it is somewhat polluted by the dark colours of the cover tattoo. The blue and particularly by the purple of the cover design are visually removed in the infrared photograph, highlighting the contrast and allowing for better determination of the actual design. It would be expected that if there were a trend amongst these results that as the time since the cover tattoo increases, so would either the success or failure rate. At the same time, the remaining (factor either success or failure) would decrease as the other increases to show that there is a clear correlation. This does not occur, and so suggests that there is no link between time since the cover tattoo, and the overall success rate. Also there does not appear to be any detectable trend in the observed graph patterns between fig. 9 and fig.10 A summary table of records, including information on colours used, the grade allocated to each record, and a brief description of what can be seen with each record, is available in the appendices (Appendix 4) the findings of which are discussed in the discussion section of this research paper It should be noted that this graph only presents the number of cover tattoos with black ink in the design and does not take into account whether or not the black ink is directly responsible for the obscuring of the original tattoo design. It does, however, present a slight trend, which is to be expected. In cases where the cover tattoo is colourful, the Wratten 87 filter appeared to be the filter of choice as it removed all colour of the cover design to reveal the underlying original tattoo. In cases where the cover tattoo consisted of cut black or grey shading, the Wratten 88a appeared to be the ideal filter to better accentuate the original design from the cover tattoo design traffic. Of the unsuccessful examples: The following results are characterised according to the observed reason why the original tattoo could not be visualised. Please note that in 100% of the unsuccessful records the cover tattoo design contained black ink, however in some cases it is not deemed to be the reason for unsuccessful visualisation (In some cases for example, the black of the cover does not cover the original design) Discussion This research has proved definitively that infrared photography can be employed to detect an original tattoo design from underneath a cover tattoo. Of the several factors investigated in this paper that were thought to affect the success of the recovery of the original tattoo using the IR filters, the only factor with any real merit were the colours used in the original and cover tattoos. The time since the cover tattoo was investigated due to the behaviour of the ink once deposited in the skin. As explained in the tattoo process section, once the ink is deposited, over time some of the particles will disperse throughout the dermis. It was thought that the effect of this, if any, would be to hinder any successful recovery of the underlying tattoo. No obvious correlation was discovered between the time since the cover tattoo and the successful recovery of the original tattoo from underneath the cover tattoo. Time between original tattoo and cover tattoo also yielded no apparent association to the success rate. The graphs and a brief description of the findings can be seen in the results section of this paper (fig. 18 and Fig. 19) When looking at the area on the body as a factor (essentially that is looking at the depth or thickness of the skin) it seemed necessary to take two examples from areas of differing skin thickness and compare the success rates from each. The skin thickness of the wrist will be significantly less than the thickness of the skin on the back, which along with the soles of the hands and feet, is one of the areas on the body of the largest skin density. Of the results for the wrist tattoo, 50% were successful. This was the same as with the results from the examples photographed on the back (Fig.17) suggests that the area on the body of the tattoo had little or no bearing on the results. As predicted it is the colours used in both the original underlying tattoo, and the cover tattoo, that has the most bearing on the successful visualisation of the original tattoo. Visualisation of the underlying tattoo was most striking and effective with the examples with purple, red, light blue and white cover tattoos this is likely to be due to the different chromophores (the functional group of the pigment molecule that gives it its colour) in the different colours used, as they will absorb or reflect the infrared wavelengths at varying levels. Red and purple cover designs yielded the best results because these colours were completely visually removed by the infrared filters, leaving only the underlying original tattoo visible. Referring to Fig.1 and 2 of record 26, the purple of the cover design is completely visually removed under the infrared photographic conditions, allowing the black outline of the original underlying tattoo to be completely visualised. Records 22, 26 and 26b are perhaps the best examples, each receiving grade 3 in the grading system for complete visualisation of the original tattoos. The original designs can be easily distinguished as there is no interference from any fragm